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Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Volume 61, 2023

Advances in Optical/Infrared Interferometry

Abstract

After decades of fast-paced technical advances, optical/infrared (O/IR) interferometry has seen a revolution in recent years:

  • ▪  The GRAVITY instrument at the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) with four 8-m telescopes reaches thousand-times-fainter objects than possible with earlier interferometers, and the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy array (CHARA) routinely offers up to 330-m baselines and aperture synthesis with six 1-m telescopes.
  • ▪  The observed objects are fainter than 19 mag, the images have submilliarcsecond resolution, and the astrometry reaches microarcsecond precision.
  • ▪  This led to breakthrough results on the Galactic Center, exoplanets, active galactic nuclei, young stellar objects, and stellar physics.

Following a primer in interferometry, we summarize the advances that led to the performance boost of modern interferometers:

  • ▪  Single-mode beam combiners now combine up to six telescopes, and image reconstruction software has advanced over earlier developments for radio interferometry.
  • ▪  With a combination of large telescopes, adaptive optics (AO), fringe tracking, and especially dual-beam interferometry, GRAVITY has boosted the sensitivity by many orders of magnitude.

Another order-of-magnitude improvement will come from laser guide star AO. In combination with large separation fringe tracking, O/IR interferometry will then provide complete sky coverage for observations in the Galactic plane and substantial coverage for extragalactic targets.

Keyword(s): active galactic nuclei, exoplanets, Galactic Center, instrumentation, stars, young stellar objects
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2023-08-18
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Advances in Optical/Infrared Interferometry
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 61, 237 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-121622-045019
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